rangkuman ELT

RANGKUMAN

1.      What is research?

      ‘Research is a systematic approach to finding answers to questions.’

2.      Primary research is the research wich is derived from the primary sources of in information

3.      Secondary research which is derived from the secondary sources of information

4.      Case studies that centres on one or a few individual

5.      Survey studies is a research that focus on a groups attitude opinions or characteristic

6.      Experimental studies a whole range of different that investigate language behaviour of group

7.      The characteristic of statistical research are:

Systematic , logical, tangible, replicable, rudicted

8.      Variable is something we can observe or quantitative of characteristic still of human

9.      Independent variable is the variable that choosen and observed to examine the consequence that possible appread toward other variable

10.  Intervening variable is abstract variable the teoretis lablel connection or the process that connected the free variable and string variable.

11.  Depeendent variable is the respons or the criterion variable presumed to be “caused or influenced by the independent.

12.  Moderator variable is the certain kind from free variable that choosen the research to determine how the connection between free variable and string variable influenced, or was modify by moderator variable.

13.  Control variable is the variable that choosen in order to constant, neutral, or lost until the variable will not influence the examination

14.  Mean is aritmatic average that you may calculate when gradding class room test

15.  Median is define as amiddle point in a distribution

16.  Range is define as a number of point between the highest score on the measure and the lowest score plus one

17.  Mode is score that occurs most frequently in set of score.

18.  What are the characteristics of longitudinal approach?

      There are at least three of the qualitative paradigm attributes: (1) naturalistic

      (use of spontaneous speech), (2) process oriented (in that it takes place over

      time) and  (3) ungeneralizable (very few subjects).

19.  What is cross sectional approach? 

      In cross sectional approach, the linguistic performance of a larger number of

      subjects is studied, and the performance data are usually collected at only one

      session.

20.  What are the characteristics of the cross-sectional approach?

      The characteristics of cross-sectional approach are obstrusive, controlled

      measurement (use of artificial tasks), outcome-oriented (in that it takes place

      at only one point in time), and generalizable (larger group of subjects).

21.  What are kinds of second language acqusition research methodology?

      The methods arranged along a continuum with the two paradigms (qualitative

      and quantitative) at either pole. (1) introspection, (2) participant observation,

      (3) non-participant observation, (4) focused description, (5) pre-experimental,

(6)    quasi experimental, (7) experimental.

22.  What is an introspective study?

       In introspective study, with the guidance from the researcher, learners

       examine their own behaviour for insights into second language acquisition.

23.  What is participant observation study?

      In participant observation,the researcher takes part in the activities he is

       studying. He does not approach the study with any specific hypotheses in

       mind, rather he takes copious note on whatever he observes and experience.

24.  What is non-participant observation?

       In this study the researcher observes activities without engaging in the

       activities he is studying.The researcher does not entertain any hypothesis at

      the outset of a study.

25.  What is focused description?

      Focused descriptive study is similar to the obeservational studies.It is

      descriptive in nature. The researcher narrows the scope of his study to a

      particular set of variables.

26.  What is descriptive studies?

      ‘Descriptive studies may classify, order and correlate data seeking to describe

       relationships that are discoverable in phenomena themselves’ (Van Dalen,

       in Cook 1965: 39, in Larsen-Freeman & Long,1991:17)

27.  What is pre-experiment?

      Pre-experiment  : (1) Only  group of subjects  (no experimental group and  no

      control group, and (2) subjects are not  randomly designed. Pre-experimetal  

      designs can provide useful insights into SLA which  later may be tested using

      more rigorous procedures.

      One type of pre- experimental design is called one-group pretest-postest

       design.

      For example, the study of the effect of intensive English language study on

      attitudes, motivation and achievement.

28.  What is quasi-experiment? 

      Quasi-experiment designs, is closer to the true experiment in that one of two

      criteria of experimental design is met.Quasi-experimental designs do not

      require random assignment of subjects to groups. Quasi experiments exist as a

      compromise for those interested in studying human behaviour in naturally

      occuring settings in which complete experimental  control is difficult, if not  

       impossible.

       Time series designs are quasi-experiments since they improve upon the one-

        group pres-test post-test design that was classified as pre-experimental.

        Subjects in one group serve both as a control group and as an experimental

        group.

29.  What is true experiment?

       Experiments have two criteria: (1) there are at least two groups included in

       the study, and a control group and an experimental group; and (2) subjects

       are randomly assigned to one of those groups. The purpose of having the two

       groups in the study is that if one group is treated in one manner (eg. Taught

       by using direct method, and another in a different manner (eg. Taught by

       using audiolingual method) and their post treatment behaviour differs, we

       conclude that the behaviour differs as a consequence of their different

       treatments if the two groups are comparable to start with.The basic idea of an

       experiment is a powerful one.

30.  What are instrumentation: production data elicitation?

  Instruments designed to elicit production data.