UNIT
9 MIGRATION
A.
Reading
About you
Answer the
following questions!
Question (Q) :
Where are you from?
You : I am from Bangka Island.
Q : Why do you move to this city?
You : I move here because of educational
factor.
Before reading
1.
Questionnaire
: work in group of four or five, then ask your friends in the group using the
following questions!
a. Where
do you come from?
b. Why
do you leave your hometown?
c. Do
you want to go back to your hometown?
d. Do
you like living in this city?
2.
Now,
based on your friends’ answer, fill out the following table which shows the
result of your questionnaire.
|
Question number
|
Students’ answer
|
|
1
|
Std.1 : I come from Bangka Island.
Std.2
: I come from Palu, central Java.
Std.3
: I come from Jakarta.
|
|
2
|
Std.1
: I’ve been living in this city for 2 years.
Std.2
: I’ve been living in this city for 12 years.
Std.3
: I’ve been living in this city for 2 years.
|
|
3
|
Std.1 : I leave because of education.
Std.2
: I leave because I follow my parents.
Std.3
: I leave because of education.
|
|
4
|
Std.1 : Yes, I do.
Std.2
: Yes, I do.
Std.3
: Yes, I do.
|
|
5
|
Std.1 : yes, I do.
Std.2
: Yes, I do.
Std.3
: Yes, I do
|
Read the text
carefully!
Migration
to Third World Cities Increased
Desperate refugees making their way to
African famine felief camps. Brazilian buses bursting with the belongings of
families heading for Rio or Sao Paulo. Indian trains filled with the building
sites of Delhi or Bombay.
Migration to the towns and cities of
the Third World continues unabated. Sometimes temporary, sometimes permanent,
but always adding to the mass of humanity congregating in the “megalopolies” –
where the growth of towns and cities has meant that over 70 percent of the
population is concentrated in urban areas. But the pattern of urbanization in
the Third World is different in many respects. The cities of Europe during the
Industrial Revolution attracted people in from the countryside to work in the
factories.
In the Third World today only a tiny
proportion of workers can hope for an industrial job. And while the expansion
of European cities was often accompanied by a fall in rural population, in the
Third World both urban and rural populations are now rising simultaneously.
Third World cities are expanding
partly because of natural population growth. But they are also being swollen by
migration from the countryside. For Metro Manila in the Philippines, for
example, some 55 percent of the city’s growth between 1970 and 1980 was a
result of migration.
So why do today’s rural families pack
their bags and leave? Natural and man-made disasters play their part. A
prolonged drought will often force rural people to seek help in the towns - or
in refugee camps which are usually sited on the edge of towns. And war can be
an even more violent impulse. Colombia is one of the most heavily urbanized countries of Latin
America. Its capital, Bogota, received a huge in flux of families fleeing
virtual civil war in the Central America today, people who live in isolated
farmsteads are tempted to move to safer havens in the cities.
But most migrations is less obvious
and less dramatic. The migrants may not even be planning to stay. Munilal, for
example, is a construction worker in Delhi, the Indian capital.
“There are,” he says, “about 500 people
in Chattapur, our village. About 100 of these don’t have any land, or at least
not enough to live on. So they have to go to other places to work. I only have
about half an acre. So I come here to find work. I do whatever I can but it
usually means laboring on the building sites.”
For the time being the family home is
“huggie,” a couple of tents ingeniously strung together with sacking and
cardboard and anything else that comes to hand. But in a month or so Munilal
with his wife and six children will abandon this to return to their village for
the harvest.
Families don’t always migrate in a
group, however. In Africa it is common for men to go off to work in the city,
leaving many villages populated largely by women and children who must work
alone on the farm.
And migration does not take place for
financial reasons alone. Motives tend to be more mixed. In Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, migrants who live in the faveals which cling to the city’s steep hills
were asked why they had come there. Of these, 46 percent mentioned money, but
just as many spoke of family or health reasons: to join a relative, to find a
husband or wife, to escape from a difficult family situation, or to seek
medical treatment.
Around three-quarters of blue and
white collar workers in India’s bustling commercial capital, Bombay, were found
to have had relatives in the city. Nine out of ten said they had been helped by
relatives or friends on their arranged in advance. Indeed certain villages seem
to have informal links with Bombay – one village will habitually provide some
of the city police force, and another the cotton mill workers.
Migrants are likely to be more
ambitious than those who stay behind. The educated young people will see a
greater opportunity in the city to capitalize on their training. And for those
who want to learn more, the city often provides the only opportunity. Many
young children migrate to the grey, sandy streets of the Peruvian capital,
Lima, in the hope of completing their primary education.
Whether they are in search of money,
or freedom, or education, migrants are always hoping for something the
countryside cannot offer. Typically in a developing country only 20 to 30
percent of the investment will go into the rural areas – even though 70 percent
of the population might live there.
If the resources will not move to the
people, it seems the people will move to the resources.
1. Refer to the text and
decide whether the following statements are true (T) or False (F). Then, write T
for true and F for false in the given space.
a. ( F )
There is similarity in the urbanization
pattern between cities in the Third World and those in Europe. (P.2 L.7)
b. (_T_) The
growth of this cities in the Third World is caused by urbanization. (P.4
L. 2-4)
c. (_F_) The only reason why people move to cities is
due to natural disasters. (P.10 / P.2 L.5)
d. (_T_) Migration can be caused by poverity of people
who live in village. (P.7 L.5)
e. (_E_) Financial difficulties motivate people to
move from village to cities. (P.9 L.3 / P.2 L.12)
f. (_F_) Almost 75% of white and blue color workers
joined their relatives in cities. (P.11 L.1)
g. (_T_) Young people move to cities to find better
education. (P.12 L 2-9)
h. (_F_) The imbalanced development between urban and
rural areas developing countries causes urbanization. (P.2 L.12 / P.10/P.12)
For
point i to l,answer the following questions!
i.
What factor motivate
people to move from rural areas to urban areas?
Natural
and man-made disasters , money, better job, war (move to safer havens in the
cities) or family or health reasons (to join a relative, to find a husband or
wife, to escape from a difficult family situation or to seek medical treatment)
are the reasons that motivates people to move from rural to urban areas.
j.
Why do people who live
in the city with more than 2 million population tend to suffer greatly?
Due
the dense population in one place will also be a wide variety of population
issues that arise, such as security and famine. In addition to the large
population, there will be fewer jobs (unless its human resources able to create
jobs themselves).
k. Which
migrants will be more ambitious according to the text?
An
educated young migrants are likely to be more ambitious .
(Para.12
, line 90)
l.
What factors support
the expansion of cities in the Third World?
Third
world cities are expanding partly because of natural population growth. But
they are also being swollen by migration from the countryside. (Line 25)
B.
Speaking
Look at the City Limits according
International Labour Organization.
Ask your friend abot the relation
between the number of population and employment prospects. Use the following
question as guide.
A (You) B(Your friend)
A :
Do you agree that city with 500.000 people will create good condition
for living and job prospects?
B : Yes, we do. Because due to the
relatively small population, the government can coordinate and focus in the
field of education, the need for food and others aspects of life (preparing
young people as can as possible).
A : How about the city with 2.000.000? Do
you think it will create good conditions for both living and job prospects?
B : Could be. As city limits said
“Employment prospects do not improve as the city grows, while living conditions
deteriorate.” But we think it depends on the ability of the government coordinate
people and human resources at of the country.
A : Does the cities with more than
2.000.000 people create good conditions for living and job prospects?
B : No,
it doesn’t.
C.
Writing
1.
In the text, paragraph
2, line 7, it is mentioned that the pattern of urbanization in cities in Third
World is different from that europan cities. Now, compare this difference and
write down what you know about this in the following table.
|
Pattern
of urbanization in Third World cities
|
Pattern
of urbanization in European cities
|
|
·
Only a tiny
proportion of workers can hope for an industrial job
·
Fall in rural
population
|
·
Attracted people on
from the countryside to work in the factory
·
Bth urban and rural
populations are now rising simultaneously
|
2.
Compare what you know
of why people move from rural areas to cities with what you learned about this.
Then, write down this comparison in the following table.
|
What do you know about the reason of why people
move from rural areas to cities
|
What you learned about reasons of why people move
from rural areas to cities.
|
|
• Money
- desire to change the fate
• Prestige
• Education
• Disaster
• War
|
·
Disasters
|
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